Interpretation Act, 1957

This is the latest version of this Act.

South Africa

Interpretation Act, 1957

Act 33 of 1957

  1. [Amended by Interpretation Amendment Act, 1959 (Act 7 of 1959) on 23 October 1958]
  2. [Amended by Interpretation Amendment Act, 1961 (Act 45 of 1961) on 31 May 1961]
  3. [Amended by General Law Amendment Act, 1967 (Act 102 of 1967) on 21 June 1967]
  4. [Amended by General Law Amendment Act, 1973 (Act 62 of 1973) on 27 June 1973]
  5. [Amended by Interpretation Amendment Act, 1977 (Act 42 of 1977) on 13 April 1977]
  6. [Amended by Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act 51 of 1977) on 22 July 1977]
  7. [Amended by Republic of South Africa Constitution Second Amendment Act, 1981 (Act 101 of 1981) on 6 November 1981]
  8. [Amended by Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1983 (Act 110 of 1983) on 3 September 1984]
  9. [Amended by Provincial Government Act, 1986 (Act 69 of 1986) on 1 July 1986]
  10. [Amended by General Law Third Amendment Act, 1993 (Act 129 of 1993) on 1 September 1993]
  11. [Amended by Constitution Consequential Amendments Act, 1993 (Act 201 of 1993) on 27 April 1994]
ACTTo consolidate the laws relating to the interpretation and the shortening of the language of statutes.(English text signed by the Governor-General.)
BE IT ENACTED by the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, the Senate and the House of Assembly of the Union of South Africa, as follows:—

Part I – General

1. Application of Act

The provisions of this Act shall apply to the interpretation of every law (as in this Act defined) in force, at or after the commencement of this Act, in the Republic or in any portion thereof, and to the interpretation of all by-laws, rules, regulations or orders made under the authority of any such law, unless there is something in the language or context of the law, by-law, rule, regulation or order repugnant to such provisions or unless the contrary intention appears therein.[section 1 amended by section 1 of Act 45 of 1961]

2. Definitions

The following words and expressions shall, unless the context otherwise requires or unless in the case of any law it is otherwise provided therein, have the meanings hereby assigned to them respectively, namely—"administrator" [definition of "administrator", previously "Administrator", amended by section 2(a) of Act 45 of 1961, substituted by section 22(1)(a) of Act 69 of 1986 and deleted by section 4(a) of Act 201 of 1993]"christian name" means any name prefixed to the surname, whether received at Christian baptism or not;"district" means the area subject to the jurisdiction of the court of any magistrate;"Gazette"—(a)in the case of laws, proclamations, regulations, notices or other documents published prior to the thirty-first day of May, 1910, and required under a law in force prior to that day to be published in the Gazette, means the Government Gazette of the Colony wherein that law was in force; and(b)in the case of laws, proclamations, regulations, notices or other documents published after the thirty-first day of May, 1910, and required under any law to be published in the Gazette, means the Government Gazette of the Republic or, if the matter is one entrusted to a provincial council under the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961, means the Official Gazette of the province concerned;[paragraph (b) amended by section 2(b) of Act 45 of 1961](c)in the case of laws, proclamations, regulations, notices or other documents published after the date of commencement of the Constitution and required under any law to be published in the Gazette or the Provincial Gazette or any other official Gazette, means the Government Gazette of the Republic or the relevant Provincial Gazette, according to whether the administration of the law concerned or, as the case may be, the law conferring the power to make or issue such a proclamation, regulation, notice or other document, vests in, or in a functionary of, the national government or a provincial government;[paragraph (c) added by section 4(b) of Act 201 of 1993]"Governor-General" means the State President as defined in this section;[definition of "Govenor-General" amended by section 2(c) of Act 45 of 1961 and substituted by section 4(c) of Act 201 of 1993]"law" means any law, proclamation, ordinance, Act of Parliament or other enactment having the force of law;"month" means a calendar month;"oath" and "affidavit", in the case of persons allowed by law to affirm or declare instead of swearing, include affirmation and declaration, and "swear", in such case, includes "affirm" and "declare";"Parliament" means the Parliament of the Republic;[definition of "Parliament" amended by section 2(d) of Act 45 of 1961]"person" includes—(a)any divisional council, municipal council, village management board, or like authority;(b)any company incorporated or registered as such under any law;(c)any body of persons corporate or unincorporate;Premier", with reference to a province, means the Premier of that province, including any acting Premier, acting in terms of the Constitution;[definition of "premier" inserted by section 4(d) of Act 201 of 1993]"President" means the President of the Republic, including any acting President, acting in terms of the Constitution;[definition of "President" inserted by section 4(d) of Act 201 of 1993]"province" —(a)in the case of a law referred to in section 229 of the Constitution, means a province of the Republic as it existed immediately before the commencement of the Constitution;(b)in the case of a law passed or made after the commencement of the Constitution, or passed or made before such commencement, but with reference to the Constitution, means a province of the Republic referred to in section 124(1) of the Constitution;[definition of "province" amended by section 2(e) of Act 45 of 1961 and substituted by section 4(e) of Act 201 of 1993]"provincial council" [definition of "provincial council" amended by section 2(f) of Act 45 of 1961 and deleted by section 4(f) of Act 201 of 1993]"State President" means, subject to section 232(1)(c) of the Constitution, the President or the Premier of a province;[definition of "State President" inserted by section 2(g) of Act 45 of 1961 and substituted by section 4(g) of Act 201 of 1993]the Constitution" means the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1993;[definition of "the Constitution" inserted by section 4(h) of Act 201 of 1993]"the Republic" means, subject to section 232(1)(a) of the Constitution, the territorial limits of the Republic of South Africa referred to in section 1 of the Constitution;[definition of "the Republic" inserted by section 2(h) of Act 45 of 1961 and substituted by section 4(i) of Act 201 of 1993]"the Union" means the Republic;[definition of "the Union" amended by section 2(i) of Act 45 of 1961]

3. Interpretation of expressions relating to writing

In every law expressions relating to writing shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as including also references to typewriting, lithography, photography and all other modes of representing or reproducing words in visible form.

4. Reckoning of number of days

When any particular number of days is prescribed for the doing of any act, or for any other purpose, the same shall be reckoned exclusively of the first and inclusively of the last day, unless the last day happens to fall on a Sunday or on any public holiday, in which case the time shall be reckoned exclusively of the first day and exclusively also of every such Sunday or public holiday.

5. Measurement of distance

In the measurement of any distance for the purpose of any law, that distance shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane.

5A. Offences in respect of National Flag.

(1)Any person who—
(a)maliciously destroys or spoils the National Flag of the Republic as described in section 5; or
(b)commits any other act which is calculated to hold the National Flag of the Republic in contempt; or
(c)without being authorized thereto (the burden of proof of which shall be upon him) removes the National Flag of the Republic as so described from any place where it is displayed in terms of instructions or directions issued by any State authority, shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding ten thousand rand or
imprisonment for a period not exceeding five years.
(2)If in any prosecution for an offence referred to in subsection (1) it is alleged that the flag in respect of which the offence is alleged to have beencommitted is or was the National Flag of the Republic as described in section 5, it shall be presumed unless the contrary is proved that the flag in question complies or, as the case may be, complied with the description of the National Flag in that section.[section 5A inserted by section 1 of Act 101 of 1981]

6. Gender and number

In every law, unless the contrary intention appears—
(a)words importing the masculine gender include females; and
(b)words in the singular number include the plural, and words in the plural number include the singular.

7. Meaning of service by post

Where any law authorizes or requires any document to be served by post, whether the expression "serve", or "give", or "send", or any other expression is used, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the service shall be deemed to be effected by properly addressing, prepaying, and posting a registered letter containing the document, and, unless the contrary is proved, to have been effected at the time at which the letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of post.

8. Meaning of rules of court

(1)In every law, unless the contrary intention appears, the expression "rules of court", when used in relation to any court, means rules made by the authority having for the time being power to make rules or orders regulating the practice and procedure of that court.
(2)The powers of the said authority to make rules of court, as defined in sub-section (1), shall include a power to make rules of court for the purpose of any law directing or authorizing anything to be done by rules of court.

9. ***

[section 9 substituted by section 3 of Act 45 of 1961 and repealed by schedule 4 of Act 51 of 1977]

10. Construction of provisions as to exercise of powers and performance of duties

(1)When a law confers a power or imposes a duty then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power may be exercised and the duty shall be performed from time to time as occasion requires.
(2)Where a law confers a power, jurisdiction or right, or imposes a duty on the holder of an office as such, then, unless the contrary intention appears, the power, jurisdiction or right may be exercised and the duty shall be performed from time to time by the holder for the time being of the office or by the person lawfully acting in the capacity of such holder.
(3)Where a law confers a power to make rules, regulations or by-laws, the power shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as including a power exercisable in like manner and subject to the like consent and conditions (if any) to rescind, revoke, amend or vary the rules, regulations or by-laws.
(4)[subsection (4) amended by section 4 of Act 45 of 1961 and deleted by section 8(a) of Act 101 of 1981]
(5)Whenever the administration of any law or any provision of any law which confers a power or imposes a duty upon or entrusts a function to any Minister of State, member of the Executive Council of a province or other authority has under the Constitution been assigned by the President or the Premier of a province to any other Minister, member of such Executive Council or authority, as the case may be, that power may be exercised by such other Minister, member of the Executive Council or authority and that duty shall and that function may be performed by him, and—[introductory phrase of subsection (5) substituted by section 8(b) of Act 101 of 1981 and by section 5(a) of Act 201 of 1993]
(a)any reference in that law or provision to a department, including any division of any department or administration, administered by such firstmentioned Minister, member of the Executive Council or authority shall be construed as a reference to the department administered by such lastmentioned Minister, member of the Executive Council or authority;[paragraph (a) substituted by section 5(b) of Act 201 of 1993]
(b)any reference in that law or provision to an officer in the public service attached to such firstmentioned department or to any such officer holding a specified office in that department, shall be construed as a reference to an officer in the public service attached to such lastmentioned department or, as the case may be, as a reference to such an officer holding a corresponding office in that department;
(c)any power, duty or function vested in or imposed upon or entrusted to—
(i)an officer of such firstmentioned department who is then an officer of such lastmentioned department; or
(ii)the holder of a specified office in that department, by or under that law or provision, shall be deemed to have been duly vested in or imposed upon or entrusted to the officer concerned in his capacity as an officer of such lastmentioned department or, as the case may be, to the holder of a corresponding office in that department;
(d)any regulation made or any notice, direction or order issued or any appointment made or any action taken under that law or provision prior to the date on which the administration thereof was so assigned, shall remain in full force and effect as if it had been made, issued or taken by the person who on that date was, by virtue ofthe assignment of the administration of that law or provision or the provisions of this sub-section, competent to make such regulation or to issue such notice, direction or order or to make such appointment or to take such action.
[subsection (5) added by section 1 of Act 7 of 1959 and amended by section 4 of Act 45 of 1961 and by section 101(1) of Act 110 of 1983]
(5A)The provisions of subsection (5) shall apply in so far as the President or the Premier of a province does not determine otherwise in the assignment concerned and, if the administration of any law or a provision of any law has been assigned to any other Minister, member of the Executive Council of a province or authority as contemplated in that subsection, but in relation to a matter specified in the assignment, the provisions of that subsection shall apply accordingly.[subsection (5A) inserted by section 8(c) of Act 101 of 1981 and substituted by section 101(1) of Act 110 of 1983 and by section 5(c) of Act 201 of 1993]
(5B)[subsection (5B) inserted by section 101(1) of Act 110 of 1983 and deleted by section 5(d) of Act 201 of 1993]
(6)Where any provision in any law confers a power or imposes a duty or entrusts a function to any Minister of State or other authority and authorizes such Minister of State or authority to delegate the exercise or performance of such power, duty or function to any other person, such Minister of State or authority may delegate the exercise or performance of such power, duty or function to the holder of an office as such or to any particular person, and if the exercise or performance of such power, duty or function is delegated to the holder of any office, that power, duty or function may or shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be exercised or performed by the holder for the time being of the office or by the person lawfully acting in the capacity of such holder.[subsection (6) added by section 1 of Act 42 of 1977]

11. Repeal and substitution

When a law repeals wholly or partially any former law and substitutes provisions for the law so repealed, the repealed law shall remain in force until the substituted provisions come into operation.

12. Effect of repeal of a law

(1)Where a law repeals and re-enacts with or without modifications, any provision of a former law, references in any other law to the provision so repealed shall, unless the contrary intention appears, be construed as references to the provision so re-enacted.
(2)Where a law repeals any other law, then unless the contrary intention appears, the repeal shall not—
(a)revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; or
(b)affect the previous operation of any law so repealed or anything duly done or suffered under the law so repealed; or
(c)affect any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under any law so repealed; or
(d)affect any penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against any law so repealed; or
(e)affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, forfeiture or punishment as is in this sub-section mentioned,
and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed, as if the repealing law had not been passed.

13. Commencement of laws

(1)The expression "commencement" when used in any law and with reference thereto, means the day on which that law comes or came into operation, and that day shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) and unless some other day is fixed by or under the law for the coming into operation thereof, be the day when the law was first published in the Gazette as a law.
(2)Where any law, or any order, warrant, scheme, letters patent, rules, regulations or by-laws made, granted or issued under the authority of a law, is expressed to come into operation on a particular day, it shall be construed as coming into operation immediately on the expiration of the previous day.
(3)If any Act provides that that Act shall come into operation on a date fixed by the President or the Premier of a province by proclamation in the Gazette, it shall be deemed that different dates may be so fixed in respect of different provisions of that Act.[subsection (3) added by section 10 of Act 129 of 1993 and substituted by section 6 of Act 201 of 1993]

14. Exercise of conferred powers between passing and commencement of a law

Where a law confers a power—
(a)to make any appointment; or
(b)to make, grant or issue any instrument, order, warrant, scheme, letters patent, rules, regulations or by-laws; or
(c)to give notices; or
(d)to prescribe forms ; or
(e)to do any other act or thing for the purpose of the law,
that power may, unless the contrary intention appears, be exercised at any time after the passing of the law so far as may be necessary for the purpose of bringing the law into operation at the commencement thereof: Provided that any instrument, order, warrant, scheme, letters patent, rules, regulations or by-laws made, granted or issued under such power shall not, unless the contrary intention appears in the law or the contrary is necessary for bringing the law into operation, come into operation until the law comes into operation.

15. Notification in Gazette of official acts under authority of law

When any act, matter or thing is by any law directed or authorized to be done by the President or the Premier of a province, or by any Minister, or by any public officer, the notification that such act, matter or thing has been done may, unless a specified instrument or method is by that law prescribed for the notification, be by notice in the Gazette.[section 15 amended by section 5 of Act 45 of 1961 and substituted by section 7 of Act 201 of 1993]

16. Certain enactments to be published in Gazette

When any by-law, regulation, rule or order is authorized by any law to be made by the President or a Minister or by the Premier of a province or a member of the Executive Council of a province or by any local authority, public body or person, with the approval of the President or a Minister, or of the Premier of a province or a member of the Executive Council of a province, such by-law, regulation, rule or order shall, subject to the provisions relative to the force and effect thereof in any law, be published in the Gazette.[section 16 amended by section 5 of Act 45 of 1961 and substituted by section 8 of Act 201 of 1993]

16A. Promulgation and commencement of laws and publication of certain notices when publication of the Gazette impracticable

(1)If the State President is satisfied that the publication of the Gazette cannot be effected or is likely to be seriously delayed as a result of circumstances beyond the control of the Government Printer, he may by proclamation published in the manner directed by him, make such rules as he may deem fit for the publication, during any period specified in the proclamation, of laws or notices required or authorized by law to be published in the Gazette.
(2)Any law or notice published in accordance with any rules so made, shall be deemed to have been published in the Gazette, and any law so published shall be deemed to have come into operation on the day on which it was first so published as a law, unless some other day is fixed by or under that law for the commencement thereof.
(3)The President may at any time vary or withdraw any proclamation referred to in subsection (1) by like proclamation.
(4)Any law or notice published in accordance with any rule made under subsection (1) shall, if it is then still in force, be published in the Gazette for general information as soon as publication of the Gazette can be effected.
(5)The provisions of subsection (4) shall not affect the validity of anything done under any rules made under subsection (1).
(6)The Premier of a province may exercise the President’s powers in terms of this section with reference to such province.[subsection (6) added by section 9(b) of Act 201 of 1993][section 16A inserted by section 13 of Act 102 of 1967 and amended by section 9(a) of Act 201 of 1993]

17. List of certain proclamations and notices to be submitted to Parliament and provincial legislatures

When the President, a Minister or the Premier or a member of the Executive Council of a province is by any law authorized to make rules or regulations for any purpose in such law stated, notwithstanding the provisions of any law to the contrary, a list of the proclamations, government notices and provincial notices under which such rules or regulations were published in the Gazette during the period covered in the list, stating in each case the number, date and title of the proclamation, government notice or provincial notice and the number and date of the Gazette in which it was published, shall be submitted to Parliament or the provincial legislature concerned, as the case may be, within fourteen days after the publication of the rules or regulations in the Gazette.[section 17 amended by section 5 of Act 45 of 1961 and substituted by section 13 of Act 62 of 1973, by section 22(1)(a) of Act 69 of 1986 and by section 10 of Act 201 of 1993]

Part II – Special provisions applicable only to the Province of the Cape of Good Hope

18. Meaning of certain expressions in laws of colony of Cape of Good Hope

In the interpretation of any Act of Parliament, government notice, government advertisement, ordinance, placaat, proclamation, regulation or by-law made under the authority of any law, rule of court, or any enactment having the force of law, which came into operation in the colony of the Cape of Good Hope prior to the thirty-first day of May, 1910, the following expressions shall, unless the context otherwise requires and subject to the provisions of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961, have the meanings hereby assigned to them respectively, namely—"Charter of Justice" means the Royal Letters Patent of His Majesty King William the Fourth, dated the fourth day of May, 1832, for the better and more effectual administration of justice;"Constitution Ordinance" means the ordinance enacted on the third day of April, 1852, by His Excellency the Governor of the Cape of Good Hope with the advice and consent of the Legislative Council thereof, for constituting a Parliament for the said colony;"division" or "fiscal division" means the area under the administration of a civil commissioner within the meaning of the relevant act, notice, advertisement, ordinance, placaat, proclamation, regulation, by-law, rule of court or enactment;"Governor" includes the officer who for the time being administered the Government of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope acting by and with the advice of the Executive Council thereof;"Order-in-Council" means any order made by the Governor (as in this section defined) with the advice of the Executive Council;"solemn declaration" means a declaration made under and by virtue of the provisions of the Oaths and Declarations Act, 1891, of the colony of the Cape of Good Hope.[section 18 amended by section 6 of Act 45 of 1961]

Part III – Special provisions applicable only to the Province of the Transvaal

19. Meaning of certain expressions in laws of the South African Republic

In the interpretation of any law or resolution of the Volksraad of the late South African Republic the following expressions shall, unless otherwise expressly provided and subject to the provisions of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act, 1961, or of any other law, have the meanings hereby assigned to them respectively, namely—"landdrost" means magistrate;"Publieke Aanklager" means the Attorney-General of the Transvaal or any person appointed to prosecute for or on behalf of the State;[definition of "Publieke Aanklager" amended by section 7(b) of Act 45 of 1961]"Staats Courant" means the Gazette;"Staats President" or any expression denoting the Head of the late South African Republic means the State President of the Republic;[definition of "Staats President" amended by section 7(c) of Act 45 of 1961]"Staats Procureur" means the Attorney-General of the Transvaal;"Staats Sekretaris" means the Minister of the Interior;"Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek", "Republiek", "Staat" or any like expression means the Transvaal,and when any act is required or authorized to be done by any such law or resolution or whenever any process is required to be taken out in the name and on behalf of the people of the South African Republic it shall be deemed to be required or authorized to be done or taken out in the name and on behalf of the State.[section 19 amended by section 7 of Act 45 of 1961]

20. Meaning of expression Governor or Lieutenant-Governor in laws of the colony of Transvaal

In the interpretation of any law which came into operation in the colony of the Transvaal prior to the establishment of the Union, the expression "Governor" or "Lieutenant-Governor" includes the officer who for the time being administered the government of the said colony, acting (when by law required) by and with the advice of the Executive Council thereof.

Part IV – Special provisions applicable only to the Province of the Orange Free State

21. Meaning of certain expressions in laws of the Orange Free State

Where, in any law of the late Orange Free State, the following expressions occur they shall, unless otherwise expressly provided and subject to the provisions of the South Africa Act, 1909, or of any other law, have the meanings hereby assigned to them respectively, namely—"Goevernements Sekretaris" means the Minister of the Interior;Tanddrost" means magistrate;"Oranje Vrystaat" or "Staat" means the province of the Orange Free State;"President" or "Staatspresident" means the State President of the Republic;[definition of "President" or "Staatspresident" amended by section 8 of Act 45 of 1961]"Raad" of "Volksraad" means Parliament;"Staatsprocureur" means the Attorney-General of the Orange Free State; '"Thesaurier-generaal" means the Minister of Finance;"Weesheer" means the Master of the Supreme Court (Orange Free State Provincial Division);"Wet boek" means the Law Book of the Orange Free State of 1891;"Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek" means the Transvaal.

22. Meaning of expression Governor or Lieutenant-Governor in laws of Orange River Colony

In the interpretation of any law which came into operation in the Orange River Colony prior to the establishment of the Union, the expression "Governor" or "Lieutenant-Governor" includes the officer who for the time being administered the government of the said colony, acting (when by law required) by and with the advice of the Executive Council thereof.

Part V – Special provisions applicable only to the Province of Natal

23. Meaning of expression Governor or Lieutenant-Governor in laws of Natal

In the interpretation of any law which came into operation in the Colony of Natal prior to the establishment of the Union, the expression "Governor" or "Lieutenant-Governor" includes the officer who for the time being administered the government of the said colony, acting (when by law required) by and with the advice of the Executive Council thereof.

Part VI – Supplementary

24. Application to State

This Act shall bind the State.

25. Repeal of Act 5 of 1910 and Act 5 of 1944

(1)Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2), the Interpretation Act, 1910, and the Interpretation Amendment Act, 1944, are hereby repealed.
(2)Any action taken under any provision of a law repealed by sub-section (1) shall be deemed to have been taken under the corresponding provision of this Act.

26. Short title

This Act shall be called the Interpretation Act, 1957.
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  1. Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996

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  74. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2003-08-05 number 25301
  75. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2004-03-26 number 26156 part 1
  76. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2004-04-23 number 26275
  77. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2005-09-23 number 28021
  78. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2005-12-21 number 28349
  79. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2009-03-20 number 32040
  80. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2010-09-17 number 33541
  81. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2015-06-03 number 38855
  82. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2019-11-28 number 42870
  83. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2020-12-11 number 43979
  84. South Africa Government Gazette Regulation Gazette dated 2023-11-24 number 49759 part 1
  85. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-07-05 number 5901
  86. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1957-07-19 number 5912
  87. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1959-05-01 number 6216
  88. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-02-17 number 6632
  89. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1961-06-21 number 19
  90. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1964-05-01 number 776
  91. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-06-21 number 1771
  92. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1967-07-28 number 1797
  93. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-07-05 number 2119
  94. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1968-10-11 number 2191
  95. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-03-28 number 2331
  96. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1969-04-11 number 2351
  97. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1971-12-10 number 3328
  98. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1973-06-27 number 3947
  99. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-03-15 number 4219
  100. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1974-10-30 number 4470
  101. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1975-10-17 number 4873
  102. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1976-03-17 number 5012
  103. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1976-03-26 number 5029
  104. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1976-05-26 number 5138
  105. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1978-03-31 number 5960
  106. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1978-06-30 number 6096
  107. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1978-07-21 number 6116
  108. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1980-03-07 number 6878
  109. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1980-05-30 number 7041
  110. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1980-06-06 number 7053
  111. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1980-06-20 number 7076
  112. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1980-07-18 number 7131
  113. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1981-05-01 number 7571
  114. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1982-10-29 number 8427
  115. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1984-08-15 number 9361
  116. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1986-06-27 number 10318
  117. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1988-04-15 number 11259
  118. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-05-22 number 13253
  119. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1991-11-15 number 13620
  120. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1992-02-07 number 13752
  121. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-07-07 number 14922
  122. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-07-23 number 14995
  123. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1993-12-17 number 15350
  124. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1996-11-20 number 17584
  125. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1998-12-24 number 19618
  126. South Africa Government Gazette dated 1999-12-24 number 20733
  127. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2000-02-25 number 20897
  128. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2001-05-10 number 22215
  129. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2002-08-15 number 23745
  130. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-04 number 24340
  131. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-02-20 number 24575
  132. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2003-12-05 number 25820
  133. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-07-18 number 27811
  134. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-07-22 number 27820
  135. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2005-09-09 number 27991
  136. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2006-03-17 number 28605
  137. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2006-12-01 number 29445
  138. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2007-04-18 number 29790
  139. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2007-10-26 number 30401
  140. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2009-03-10 number 32000
  141. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2012-08-17 number 35600
  142. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2012-12-14 number 35957
  143. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-02-08 number 36139
  144. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-02-08 number 36144
  145. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-03-08 number 36207
  146. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-06-14 number 36543
  147. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2013-07-12 number 36663
  148. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2014-06-02 number 37712
  149. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2015-10-16 number 39299
  150. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2016-12-15 number 40496 part 1
  151. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-02-17 number 40624
  152. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-03-17 number 40691 part 1
  153. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-08-15 number 41041
  154. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2017-08-22 number 41060 part 1
  155. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-03-29 number 42337 part 1
  156. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-04-01 number 42368
  157. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-04-05 number 42380
  158. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-08-30 number 42669 part 1
  159. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2019-10-11 number 42756 part 1
  160. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2020-08-06 number 43587
  161. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-02-12 number 44188 part 1
  162. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-02-19 number 44190
  163. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-03-04 number 44228
  164. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-07-09 number 44822 part 1
  165. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2021-07-16 number 44865
  166. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2022-03-09 number 46017
  167. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2022-08-12 number 46705 part 1
  168. South Africa Government Gazette dated 2023-10-27 number 49556
  169. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 1997-10-03 number 5183
  170. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2015-11-13 number 7527
  171. Western Cape Provincial Gazette dated 2021-06-04 number 8441
Judgment 97
  1. A Penglides (Pty) Ltd and Another v Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries and Another (298 of 2021) [2022] ZASCA 74 (26 May 2022)
  2. ADCORP Fulfilment Services (Pty) Ltd v Prodigy Human Capital Architects (Pty) Ltd; In Re: Prodigy Human Capital Architects (Pty) Ltd v CCI SA (Umhlanga) (Pty) Ltd and Others (2018/17932) [2023] ZAGPJHC 579 (26 May 2023)
  3. Aecom SA (Pty) Ltd v Rustenburg Local Municipality (1341/2017) [2024] ZANWHC 69 (12 March 2024)
  4. Afrisun KZN Proprietary Ltd t/a Sibaya Casino and Entertainment Kingdon and Another v Sewpersad (AR 299/2016) [2017] ZAKZPHC 50 (3 November 2017)
  5. Appleton and Another v Harnischfeger Corporation and Another (495/1992) [1994] ZASCA 141 (30 September 1994)
  6. Association of Meat Importers and Exporters and Others v International Trade Administration Commission and Others (769/12; 770/12\771/12) [2013] ZASCA 108 (13 September 2013)
  7. Association of Meat Importers and Exporters v International Trade Administration Commission and Others (9233/2022) [2023] ZAGPPHC 1116 (12 October 2023)
  8. Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union and Others v Anglo Gold Ashanti Limited t/a Anglo Gold Ashanti and Others [2021] ZACC 42 (12 November 2021)
  9. Banger v S (195/2015) [2015] ZASCA 79 (28 May 2015)
  10. Barclays Zimbabwe Nominees (Pvt) Ltd v Black (2438/1988) [1990] ZASCA 92 (14 September 1990)
  11. Berman Brothers (Pty) Ltd v Sodastream Ltd (47/86) [1986] ZASCA 27 (24 March 1986)
  12. Berwick (nee Miller) v Villiers-Roux and Others (3688/2007) [2013] ZAWCHC 164 (20 September 2013)
  13. Block v Upington Correctional Supervision and Parole Board and Others (893/2023) [2023] ZANCHC 65 (15 September 2023)
  14. Body Corporate of the Chelston Hall Sectional Title Scheme v Mohamed N.O and Others (29890/18) [2021] ZAGPJHC 446 (28 June 2021)
  15. CC v A' Africa Pest Prevention CC and Another (168/CAC/Oct18) [2019] ZACAC 1 (2 July 2019)
  16. Carneiro v S (1040 of 2016) [2017] ZASCA 154 (24 November 2017)
  17. Casely NO v Minister of Defence (101/72) [1972] ZASCA 93 (16 November 1972)
  18. Chairman of the Board on Tariffs and Trade v Volkswagen South Africa (Pty) Ltd and Another (118/1999) [2000] ZASCA 83 (30 November 2000)
  19. City of Johannesburg and Another v Ad Outpost (Pty) Ltd (55/2011) [2012] ZASCA 40 (29 March 2012)
  20. Commissioner for Customs and Excise and Another v Kemtek Imaging Systems Ltd (1/98; 2/98) [1999] ZASCA 55 (6 September 1999)
  21. Commissioner for Inland Revenue v Friedman and Others NNO (14/1991) [1992] ZASCA 190 (5 November 1992)
  22. Commissioner of the South African Revenue Services v Daikin Air Conditioning South Africa (Pty) Ltd (185 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 66 (25 May 2018)
  23. Competition Commission of South Africa v Pickfords Removals SA (Pty) Ltd (167/CAC/JullB) [2019] ZACAC 4 (3 April 2019)
  24. Competition Commission of South Africa v Telkom SA LTD and Others (623/2009) [2009] ZASCA 155 (27 November 2009)
  25. Crestao Machines (Edms) Bpk v Die Afdelings - Superintendent S.A. Polisie N. Transvaal (32/71) [1971] ZASCA 68 (1 Oktober 1971)
  26. Du Plessis and Others v De Klerk and Another [1996] ZACC 10 (15 May 1996)
  27. Eastern Cape Transport Tertiary Co-Operative and Others v DPP and Others (2284/2021) [2022] ZAECGHC 12 (31 May 2022)
  28. First South African Holdings (Pty) Ltd v Commissioner for South African Revenue Services (372/2010) [2011] ZASCA 67 (11 May 2011)
  29. Foodcorp (Pty) Ltd v Deputy Director General: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Branch Marine and Coastal Management and Others (87/2004) [2004] ZASCA 100 (19 November 2004)
  30. Fourie and Another v Minister of Home Affairs and Another (232/2003) [2004] ZASCA 132 (30 November 2004)
  31. Frank & Hirsch (Pty) Ltd v A Roopanand Brothers (Pty) Ltd (580/1991) [1993] ZASCA 90 (2 June 1993)
  32. Glencore Operations SA (Pty) Ltd and Others v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service N.O. and Another (15988/2020) [2023] ZAGPPHC 810 (17 July 2023)
  33. Hofmeyer v Saaiman t/a SA Endovascular Group Practice (C 599/2017) [2019] ZALCCT 10 (3 December 2019)
  34. Hosi Technologies (Pty) Ltd v Bebeza (A 3125/2021) [2022] ZAGPJHC 617 (6 September 2022)
  35. Ingenuity Property Investments (Pty) Ltd v Ignite Fitness (Pty) Ltd (9845/2022) [2023] ZAWCHC 125 (15 August 2023)
  36. Johannesburg Society of Advocates and Another v Seth Azwihangwisi Nthai and Others (879/2020; 880/2019) [2020] ZASCA 171 (15 December 2020)
  37. Kaplan and Katz NNO and Another v Proffesional and Executive Retirement Fund and Another (292/1997) [1999] ZASCA 27 (14 May 1999)
  38. Khumalo v Director-General of Co-Operation and Development and Others (400/1989) [1990] ZASCA 118 (28 September 1990)
  39. Kloppers v MEC for Health Gauteng Province and Another (756/14) [2018] ZAGPPHC 664 (7 March 2018)
  40. Liebenberg NO and Others v Bergrivier Municipality [2013] ZACC 16 (6 June 2013)
  41. MEC for Education in Gauteng Province and Other v Governing Body of Rivonia Primary School and Others [2013] ZACC 34 (3 October 2013)
  42. MEC for Health, Province of Eastern Cape NO and Another v Kirland Investments (Pty) Ltd t/a Eye & Laser Institute (473/2012) [2013] ZASCA 58 (16 May 2013)
  43. Madinda v Minister of Safety and Security, Republic of South Africa (153/2007) [2008] ZASCA 34 (28 March 2008)
  44. Mankayi v Anglogold Ashanti Ltd (126/2009) [2010] ZASCA 46 (31 March 2010)
  45. Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism v Du Toit and Others (129/2003; 130/2003) [2003] ZASCA 77 (5 September 2003)
  46. Minister of Home Affairs v Eisenberg and Associates In re: Eisenberg and Associates v Minister of Home Affairs and Others [2003] ZACC 10 (27 June 2003)
  47. Minister of Mineral Resources v Stern N.O.and Others ; Treasure the Karoo Action Group and Another v Department of Mineral Resources and Others (1369/2017; 790/2018) [2019] ZASCA 99 (4 July 2019)
  48. Minister of Police v Subbulutchmi aka Subbulutchmi Moonsamy (143/80) [1980] ZASCA 85 (15 September 1980)
  49. Minister of Public Works v Haffejee NO (373/1994) [1996] ZASCA 17 (25 March 1996)
  50. Minister of Safety &Security v Molutsi and Another (366/1995) [1996] ZASCA 75 (3 June 1996)
  51. Morris NO v Airomatic (Pty) Ltd t/a Barlows Airconditioning Company (327/1988) [1989] ZASCA 163 (29 November 1989)
  52. Motor Industry Bargaining Council v Khan and Another (J388/14) [2015] ZALCJHB 33 (2 September 2015)
  53. Msunduzi Municipality v Member of The Executive Council of Kwazulu-Natal Province For Housing and Another (168/2003) [2004] ZASCA 10 (23 March 2004)
  54. Mulaudzi v Minister of Human Settlements and Others (Reasons) (12774/2022) [2022] ZAGPJHC 17 (22 April 2022)
  55. National Credit Regulator v Getbucks (Pty) Ltd and Another (140/2020) [2021] ZASCA 28 (26 March 2021)
  56. National Police Service Union and Others v Minister of Safety and Security and Others (651/1997) [2000] ZASCA 17 (29 March 2000)
  57. Nedcor Bank Ltd v Master of the High Court and Others (440/2000) [2001] ZASCA 106 (27 September 2001)
  58. Peninsula Eye Clinic (Pty) Ltd v Newlands Surgical Clinic and Others (21325/2011) [2013] ZAWCHC 156 (22 October 2013)
  59. Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of South Africa and Another: In re: Ex Parte: President of the Republic of South Africa and Others [2000] ZACC 1 (25 February 2000)
  60. President of Republic of South Africa and Another v Hugo [1997] ZACC 4 (18 April 1997)
  61. Prudential Authority and Another v Habib Overseas Bank and Others (2023-071935) [2024] ZAGPPHC 205 (26 February 2024)
  62. Publications Control Board v Central News Agency Limited (159/75) [1976] ZASCA 105 (9 December 1976)
  63. R v Mailula (279/58) [1959] ZASCA 74 (19 November 1959)
  64. R v Zonele and Another (61/59) [1959] ZASCA 23 (29 May 1959)
  65. Rahube v Rahube and Others [2018] ZACC 42 (30 October 2018)
  66. Ramanand v Department of Labour Compensation Commissioner (AR 191/2022) [2023] ZAKZPHC 41 (14 April 2023)
  67. Recycling and Economic Development Initiative of South Africa v Minister of Environmental Affairs ; Kusaga Taka Consulting (Pty) Ltd v Minister of Environmental Affairs (1260/2017; 1279/2017; 187/2018; 188/2018) [2019] ZASCA 1 (24 January 2019)
  68. Reddy v Sealandair Shipping and Forwarding (Pty) Ltd and Others (Reasons) (13107/2022P) [2024] ZAKZPHC 6 (1 February 2024)
  69. Retail Motor Industry Organisation and Another v Minister of Water & Environmental Affairs and Another (145/2013) [2013] ZASCA 70 (23 May 2013)
  70. Road Accident Fund v Masindi (586 of 2017) [2018] ZASCA 94 (1 June 2018)
  71. S v Mtshemla and Others (51/1993) [1994] ZASCA 50 (29 March 1994)
  72. S v Van der Gryp (105/1987) [1988] ZASCA 112 (28 September 1988)
  73. SATAWU v Tokiso (JA 117/13) [2015] ZALAC 9 (5 May 2015)
  74. SZC Investments (Pty) Ltd v Swindon Property Services (Pty) Ltd (7909/21P) [2022] ZAKZPHC 59 (27 October 2022)
  75. San Ridge Rental Property (Pty) Ltd v The Municipal Manager of the City of JHB Metropolitan Municipality and Others (11550/20) [2022] ZAGPJHC 316 (18 May 2022)
  76. Sebola and Another v Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd and Another [2012] ZACC 11 (7 June 2012)
  77. Shange v MEC for Education, Kwazulu-Natal (15860/2008) [2011] ZAKZDHC 28 (17 June 2011)
  78. Shillings v Cronje and Others (462/85) [1986] ZASCA 133 (27 November 1986)
  79. Shoprite Checkers (Pty) Ltd v Member of the Executive Council for Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs: KwaZulu-Natal and Others (78 of 2016) [2016] ZASCA 193 (2 December 2016)
  80. South African Container Stevedores (Pty) Ltd v Transnet Port Terminals and Others (11445/2010) [2011] ZAKZDHC 22 (30 March 2011)
  81. South African Reserve Bank and Another v Shuttleworth and Another [2015] ZACC 17 (18 June 2015)
  82. Supreme Gambling CC v Minister of Safety and Security and Others (166/1999) [2000] ZASCA 165 (12 May 2000)
  83. Systems Applications Consultants (Pty) Ltd t/a Securinfo v Systems Applications Products AG and Others (1371/2018) [2020] ZASCA 81 (2 July 2020)
  84. Tayob N.O. and Another v Public Investment Corporation (PIC) and Another (61684/21) [2023] ZAGPPHC 530 (10 May 2023)
  85. Tayob NO and Another v Public Investment Corporation (PIC) and Another (61684//21) [2022] ZAGPPHC 570 (6 October 2022)
  86. Telkom SA Ltd v Member of the Executive Council for Agricultural and Environment Affairs: KwaZulu-Natal and Others (516/2000) [2002] ZASCA 96 (5 September 2002)
  87. Telkom SA SOC Limited v The Commissioner for the South African Revenue Service (239/2019) [2020] ZASCA 19 (25 March 2020)
  88. Transnet Ltd v Ngcezula (288/1993) [1994] ZASCA 192 (30 November 1994)
  89. Tronox KZN Sands (Pty) Ltd v KwaZulu-Natal Planning and Development Appeal Tribunal and Others [2016] ZACC 2 (29 January 2016)
  90. Trustees for the time being of Groundwork Trust and Another v Minister of Environmental Affairs and Others (39724/19) [2022] ZAGPPHC 725 (18 March 2022)
  91. VZ Contractors CC v King Cetshwayo District Municipality and Others (5056/2021) [2023] ZAKZDHC 54 (9 March 2023)
  92. Van Heerden and Another v Joubert NO and Others (577/1992) [1994] ZASCA 101 (19 August 1994)
  93. Van Rooyen and Others v S and Others [2002] ZACC 8 (11 June 2002)
  94. Western Cape Provincial Government and Others; In Re: DVB Behuising (Pty) Limited v North West Provincial Government and Another [2000] ZACC 2 (2 March 2000)
  95. Wyebank Funerals Services CC and Others v Minister of the Trade and the Industry and Others (4293/2007) [2009] ZAKZDHC 4 (27 March 2009)
  96. Ynuico Ltd v Minister of Trade and Industry and Others [1996] ZACC 12 (21 May 1996)
  97. Zantsi v Council of State, Ciskei and Others [1995] ZACC 9 (22 September 1995)
Legislation 8
  1. Banks Act, 1990
  2. Criminal Procedure Act, 1977
  3. Eastern Cape Liquor Authority Act, 2018
  4. Financial Sector Regulation Act, 2017
  5. Firearms Control Regulations, 2004
  6. Gauteng Liquor Act
  7. Minerals Act, 1991
  8. National Environmental Management: Waste Act, 2008